Phenological Stages of Beetroot (Beet)

Beetroot, also known as beet, is a crop valued for both its nutritional value and its versatility in the kitchen. To achieve optimal yield and high-quality roots, it is essential to understand and properly manage the phenological stages of beetroot. Each phase of the plant’s development, from sowing and germination to harvest, presents specific requirements in terms of soil management, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. This knowledge is crucial for farmers seeking to maximize the efficiency and productivity of their beetroot crop. In this detailed analysis, we will explore the phenological stages of beetroot, providing technical descriptions and appropriate agricultural practices for each phase, with the goal of optimizing the growth and quality of beetroot roots.

Phenological Stages of Beetroot with Best Practices

1. Sowing and Germination

The sowing process for beetroot begins with soil preparation, which should be well-drained and free of clods and stones to allow good root development. Beetroot seeds are sown directly into the soil at a depth of approximately 1-2 cm, spaced 5-10 cm apart, and with 30-45 cm between rows. Germination can take between 5 and 10 days, depending on soil temperature, which should be between 10 and 25°C for optimal germination. During this period, it is crucial to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged to facilitate seedling emergence.

Best Practices:

• Use high-quality seeds and ensure even sowing.
• Prepare the soil adequately, ensuring a loose texture and good drainage.
• Maintain consistent soil moisture during germination.
• Protect young seedlings from pests and diseases with preventive measures.

2. Initial Vegetative Development

In this phase, which lasts approximately 20 to 40 days, beetroot seedlings develop their first true leaves and begin to establish a more robust root system. Regular irrigation is necessary to ensure continuous growth and avoid water stress. It is important to provide essential nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), to support foliar and root growth. Additionally, weed control is essential to reduce competition for nutrients and water.

Best Practices:

• Apply fertilizers rich in nitrogen and phosphorus.
• Conduct regular irrigations, adjusted to the needs of the seedlings.
• Control weeds through manual weeding or appropriate herbicides.
• Monitor and control pests and diseases preventively.

3. Root Development

During the next 40 to 80 days, the beetroot begins to thicken and accumulate nutrients. Potassium (K) becomes essential in this stage to promote thickening and root quality. It is advisable to apply potassium-rich fertilizers and continue with adequate irrigation, ensuring that the soil does not dry out completely between waterings. Pest and disease control should be rigorous, as growing roots are vulnerable to various pathogens and pests.

Best Practices:

• Apply potassium-rich fertilizers to support root thickening.
• Maintain consistent and adequate irrigation to avoid moisture fluctuations.
• Continuously monitor and control pests and diseases, using biological or chemical methods as necessary.

4. Root Maturation

In this phase, which lasts approximately 80 to 120 days, beetroot roots reach their optimal size and weight. The plant reduces its vegetative growth and redirects energy towards root thickening. It is crucial to reduce irrigation to avoid excess moisture that could damage mature roots. Pest and disease monitoring should continue, although the need for fertilization decreases in this stage.

Best Practices:

• Reduce irrigation to avoid excess moisture.
• Continue monitoring and controlling pests and diseases.
• Reduce fertilization, focusing on crop maintenance.

5. Harvest

Beetroot harvesting takes place between 80 and 120 days after sowing, depending on the variety and climatic conditions. The optimal harvest time should be chosen when the roots have reached their ideal size and color. Harvesting is done manually or with specialized machinery, taking care not to damage the roots. Subsequently, the roots should be cleaned and, if necessary, cured in a dry, ventilated place before storage or processing.

Best Practices:

• Determine the optimal harvest time.
• Manual or mechanized harvesting, avoiding root damage.
• Clean and cure the roots before storage or processing.

Implementing these best practices at each stage of the beetroot’s life cycle is essential to maximize yield and quality. Each phase has its own challenges and requirements, and attention to these details can make a significant difference in the success of the harvest.

Phenological Stages of Beetroot, Estimated Duration in Days of Each Stage, and Nutrient Recommendations per Hectare